Cesspools and septic systems waste management tools that rural and older homes not connected to municipal sewer systems use. While these self-contained systems efficiently handle household waste, they require regular maintenance. Understanding how cesspools work and following proper maintenance practices can help you save money, protect the environment, and avoid costly repairs when it comes to waste management.
How Septic Systems Work
Septic systems manage household wastewater. While modern homes typically use septic tanks, some older properties still rely on cesspool wells. Both systems serve the same purpose but have key differences in design and operation.
The Modern Septic Tank
A septic tank is a large underground container connected directly to a home’s main sewage line. When wastewater enters the tank, it undergoes a natural separation process. Solid waste sinks to the bottom of the tank, while lighter particles form a layer of scum on the surface. Liquid waste remains in the middle. As more wastewater enters the tank, the treated water in the middle layer flows into drainpipes and disperses into the surrounding soil, known as the drain field.
Older Cesspool Wells
Older homes may have a cesspool well instead of a septic tank. These wells typically consist of masonry walls covered by a stone or concrete lid. The wastewater treatment process in a cesspool is similar to that of a septic tank but with a few differences. Wastewater flows directly into the well, and anaerobic bacteria break down the waste. The water seeps through small openings in the well walls into the surrounding ground. Cesspool wells are often less efficient than modern septic tanks. Some states have banned them due to environmental concerns.
Common Problems With Septic Systems
While septic systems often operate with minimal intervention, they may develop issues over time. Here are some to keep an eye out for:
Clogged Cesspool Wells
Clogging is one of the most common issues with cesspool wells. Over time, the openings in the well walls can become blocked, preventing water from seeping out properly. This can lead to wastewater backups and reduced system efficiency as you must pump the system more frequently. Even if there isn’t a lot of solid waste in the well, clogging is still a risk.
Full Septic Tank
A full septic tank can cause a host of issues. You can forestall some of the worst problems by recognizing the signs of a full septic system. For example, you may notice persistent foul odors near the tank or in bathrooms. Toilets and sinks may drain slowly or clog more often.
Watch for moist or soggy ground around the tank and visible sewage or toilet paper in the drain field. If the grass above your septic tank dies, it could signify a full tank. If you notice any signs of a full septic tank, address the issue promptly to prevent more severe damage to your home or the surrounding environment.
Septic Cleaning Methods
You can use one of three methods to clean your septic system: aeration, hydro-jetting, and pumping.
Aeration involves introducing sulfuric acid into the well or tank to break down solid waste and sludge. This method is effective at dissolving waste without extensive pumping. However, sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and can damage the septic system if you don’t use it properly. Additionally, this method is not always legal. Check your local laws and ordinances for more information.
Hydro-jetting uses high-pressure water to break up solid waste in the cesspool. This method is particularly effective for cesspool wells and offers a quick recovery time. Hydrojetting efficiently removes built-up waste and reduces or even eliminates the need to pump your cesspool or septic tank.
Pumping is the most common and straightforward method for cleaning out a septic system. A large truck with a powerful pump removes the tank or well’s contents. Pumping can be expensive, and pumping costs depend on your septic system’s size and location. You may also have to pay to excavate the tank and refill the soil afterward. Many states only allow certified professionals to pump a cesspool, which can add more to the project’s overall cost. Typically, you should pump your septic tank every three to five years.
Septic System Maintenance
Proper maintenance is key to keeping a septic system functioning efficiently and avoiding costly repairs. Whether dealing with a well or a tank, you can take several steps to maintain your septic system’s health.
One of the easiest ways to maintain a septic system is to be mindful of what goes into it. Certain substances can disrupt the bacterial balance or cause clogs, avoid flushing household chemicals, diapers, paper towels, non-biodegradable products, or grease. You should also opt for liquid laundry detergents as some powered ones contain insoluble clay, and use your garbage disposal sparingly.
Additionally, you should monitor your water usage to avoid overwhelming the system. For example, you can spread water-intensive tasks like laundry throughout the week.
Regularly check the sludge level in a septic tank or cesspool to determine when pumping is necessary. To test, use a long stick that can reach the bottom of the tank or well. Dip the stick into the tank and examine it. If the sludge level is more than one-third of the tank’s height, it’s time to pump.
Keep the front and rear baffles clear of sludge in septic tanks with drain fields. Clogged baffles can lead to system failure and potential environmental hazards. Signs of baffle problems include unusually lush vegetation over the drain field and foul odors that emanate from the drain field area.
What To Know About Cesspool Lagoons
Cesspool lagoons are a less common type of septic system where the soil can’t support a traditional drain field and municipal sewer systems are unavailable. These above-ground systems require special care and attention.
To maintain the integrity of a cesspool lagoon, you must prevent erosion. Plant short, hardy vegetation around the perimeter and regularly inspect the embankments for signs of wear or damage. Avoid planting trees or large shrubs near the lagoon, as falling leaves can disrupt the aeration necessary for successful cesspool management.
Proper maintenance of a cesspool lagoon can keep your system running safely and smoothly. Remove any saplings or shrubs growing in the lagoon promptly and keep the surface clear of debris. If the water level approaches the top of the embankment, dredge the lagoon.
Due to the exposed nature of cesspool lagoons, safety is a primary concern. Keep animals or children away by installing fencing around the lagoon. The enclosure should provide sufficient space for mowing and maintenance around the lagoon’s edge. Your local county extension agency may have mosquito-prevention treatments you can add to the lagoon water to reduce these pests.
Final Thoughts About Cesspool Maintenance
While homeowners can perform many maintenance tasks, some require professional assistance. When in doubt, it’s always best to consult a certified septic professional who can complete the job correctly and safely. We recommend requesting bids from several local septic professionals to get a fair price for your septic maintenance and repairs.
