Herbs are a culinary and garden favorite for many plant parents. They’re beautiful, fragrant, easy to grow, and practical plants to have in your garden. Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or just starting out, knowing the different types of herbs and their growth habits will help you build a better herb garden. This guide will explore the differences between annual and perennial herbs, so you know which herbs to plant and when, as well as how to care for them.
From the aromatic basil that’s perfect for summer dishes to the hardy rosemary that can withstand winter’s chill, there’s an herb for every season and every garden. Let’s dive into the characteristics of annual, perennial, and evergreen herbs, and discover how to incorporate these versatile plants into your outdoor space.
Understanding Herb Types
When planning an herb garden, understanding the different types of herbs and their growth patterns will give you a better idea of how to plant and harvest them. Herbs can be classified into three main categories: annuals, perennials, and evergreen perennials. Each type has its own unique characteristics and care requirements.
Annual Herbs
Annual herbs complete their life cycle in one growing season. They germinate, grow, flower, set seed, and die all within a single year. These herbs are perfect for gardeners who enjoy changing their garden layout each season or those who want to experiment with different varieties. Annual herbs are known for their quick growth and abundant harvests. They add fresh flavors to summer dishes and can be easily grown in containers or small garden spaces.
Annual herbs include:
- Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
- Cilantro/Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
- Dill (Anethum graveolens)
- Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)
- Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis)
- Cress (Lepidium sativum)
- Marjoram (Origanum majorana) (in colder climates)
- Borage (Borago officinalis)
- Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
- Perilla/Shiso (Perilla frutescens)
- Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea)
- Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
- German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
- Papalo (Porophyllum ruderale)
While these herbs won’t survive the winter, many can be preserved through drying or freezing for year-round use. Some annuals, like dill, may self-seed if allowed to flower, potentially returning the following year without replanting.
Perennial Herbs
Perennial herbs live for two or more years, often growing larger and spreading with each passing season. These hardy plants die back to the ground in winter but sprout anew when spring arrives. Perennials are excellent choices for gardeners looking to establish a long-term herb garden with plants that return year after year.
When selecting perennial herbs, you also need to be aware of your local climate and hardiness zone. Some perennials may not survive harsh winters in certain regions. In these cases, you can grow these herbs in pots and bring them indoors during colder months or simply treat them as annuals.
These herbs are perennials:
- Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
- Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
- Mint (Mentha spp.)
- Sage (Salvia officinalis)
- Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
- Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
- Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)
- Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
- Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
- Catnip (Nepeta cataria)
- Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
- Winter Savory (Satureja montana)
- Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
- Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
- Lovage (Levisticum officinale)
- Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
Perennial herbs often develop more complex flavors as they mature, making them prized additions to any culinary garden. They also tend to require less maintenance once established, as they have developed strong root systems.
Evergreen Perennial Herbs
Evergreen perennial herbs are the most hardy of all herb types. These plants maintain their foliage year-round, adding structure and interest to the garden even in winter. With woody, shrub-like growth habits, you can incorporate evergreen herbs into permanent landscape designs.
These herbs are particularly valuable for gardeners in milder climates, where they can provide fresh herbs throughout the year. Even in colder regions, many evergreen herbs can grow in protected areas or you can simply bring them indoors during extreme weather.
Popular evergreen perennial herbs include:
- Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)
- Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis)
- Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) (in mild climates)
- Sage (Salvia officinalis) (in warmer climates)
- Lavender (Lavandula spp.) (in mild climates)
- Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora) (in frost-free regions)
Evergreen herbs often have aromatic foliage that you can use for both culinary and ornamental purposes. Their hardy nature makes them low-maintenance for busy homeowners who still want to enjoy the benefits of a herb garden.
How To Grow Annual Herbs
Annual herbs are fast-growing plants that are easy to grow and perfect for seasonal gardeners. Most annual herbs prefer full sun and well-draining soil. Here are some tips:
- Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before the last frost date or sow directly in the garden after the danger of frost has passed.
- Space plants according to their mature size to ensure good air circulation.
- Water regularly, especially during dry spells, but avoid overwatering.
- Fertilize lightly with a balanced, organic fertilizer to promote healthy growth.
Harvesting Annual Herbs
Harvesting annual herbs regularly encourages bushier growth and extends the plant’s productive period. For most annual herbs, it’s best to harvest in the morning after the dew has dried but before the heat of the day sets in. Here’s how to harvest annual herbs:
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
- When to Harvest: Begin harvesting basil when the plant is about 6-8 inches tall, and before it flowers for the best flavor.
- How to Harvest: Pinch off leaves or cut stems just above a pair of leaves to encourage new growth. Regular harvesting (once a week) will help the plant become bushier. Avoid cutting more than one-third of the plant at a time.
Cilantro/Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
- When to Harvest: Harvest the leaves (cilantro) when the plant is 4-6 inches tall. For seeds (coriander), allow the plant to bolt and flower, and then harvest seeds once they dry.
- How to Harvest: For the leaves, snip the outer leaves, leaving the central stalk to grow. For coriander seeds, cut off the seed heads and place them in a paper bag to finish drying, then shake the bag to release the seeds.
Dill (Anethum graveolens)
- When to Harvest: Harvest the leaves once the plant reaches 8 inches tall, typically before flowering. Harvest the seeds when the seed heads turn brown.
- How to Harvest: Snip the feathery leaves from the outer parts of the plant. To harvest seeds, cut the flower heads when seeds are brown, dry them upside down in a paper bag, and collect the seeds once fully dried.
Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)
- When to Harvest: Start harvesting leaves once the plant reaches 6-8 inches tall. It’s best to harvest before the plant flowers.
- How to Harvest: Cut individual leaves from the outer part of the plant, working your way inward. Like other herbs, don’t cut too much at once—leave about one-third of the plant for continued growth.
Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis)
- When to Harvest: Harvest when the plant is 6-8 inches tall, before it flowers for the best flavor.
- How to Harvest: Snip the leaves or soft stems from the plant, cutting above a set of leaves to encourage more branching. Regular harvesting encourages better yields throughout the growing season.
Cress (Lepidium sativum)
- When to Harvest: Harvest when the plants are 3-4 inches tall, usually just a few weeks after planting.
- How to Harvest: Snip off the whole plant at the soil line or cut individual leaves as needed. Cress grows quickly and can be replanted often for continuous harvest.
Marjoram (Origanum majorana) (In colder climates)
- When to Harvest: Start harvesting when the plant is about 4-6 inches tall, before it flowers.
- How to Harvest: Pinch off leaves or cut stems just above a set of leaves. Regular trimming promotes bushier growth. Marjoram is sensitive to frost, so harvest as much as possible before the cold sets in.
Borage (Borago officinalis)
- When to Harvest: Harvest leaves when the plant is young and tender. The flowers can be harvested once they fully open.
- How to Harvest: Pick individual young leaves, as older leaves can become tough and prickly. Harvest flowers by pinching them off gently at the stem.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
- When to Harvest: Harvest the leaves when the plant is 4-6 inches tall. The seeds are ready for harvest when the pods turn yellow.
- How to Harvest: For leaves, pinch or snip the outer leaves, leaving the main plant intact. For seeds, allow the pods to dry on the plant, then harvest and remove seeds from the pods.
Perilla/Shiso (Perilla frutescens)
- When to Harvest: Begin harvesting leaves once the plant reaches 8-12 inches tall.
- How to Harvest: Snip individual leaves, starting from the base of the plant. Continuous leaf harvesting encourages more growth. You can also harvest the flower spikes for culinary use when they appear.
Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea)
- When to Harvest: Harvest mustard greens when the leaves are young and tender, usually when they reach 6-8 inches in height.
- How to Harvest: Cut individual leaves or snip the whole plant at the base for a full harvest. For a longer harvesting period, pick outer leaves and leave the inner ones to continue growing.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
- When to Harvest: Harvest the leaves throughout the growing season, and wait until the seeds turn grayish-brown before harvesting them.
- How to Harvest: Snip the leaves as needed. For seeds, cut the seed heads once they turn brown, dry them upside down in a paper bag, and shake to release the seeds.
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
- When to Harvest: Harvest flowers when they are fully open, but before the petals start to droop.
- How to Harvest: Pinch or snip the flowers off the stems and dry them in a cool, dark place for tea or medicinal uses. Regular flower harvesting promotes further blooming.
Papalo (Porophyllum ruderale)
- When to Harvest: Start harvesting leaves when the plant is about 6-8 inches tall, once there is enough growth for cutting.
- How to Harvest: Cut the outer leaves from the plant, leaving the central growth intact. This will encourage more branching and continuous harvests throughout the growing season.
How To Grow Perennial Herbs
Perennial herbs are the backbone of many herb gardens, providing reliable harvests year after year. These plants make it easy to establish a long-lasting herb collection with minimal annual replanting.
Establishing Perennial Herbs
When planting perennial herbs, consider their mature size and growth habits. Some perennials, like mint, can be invasive and may need to be contained. Here are some tips for establishing perennial herbs:
- Choose a location with well-draining soil and appropriate sunlight for each herb variety.
- Prepare the soil by adding organic matter to improve drainage and fertility.
- Plant perennial herbs in spring or fall, allowing them time to establish before extreme temperatures arrive.
- Mulch around plants to conserve moisture and suppress weeds.
Maintaining Perennial Herbs
Proper maintenance keeps your perennial herbs healthy and productive for many years. Here are some key tasks:
- Prune herbs regularly to maintain shape and encourage bushier growth.
- Divide crowded plants every few years to rejuvenate them and prevent overcrowding.
- Apply a light layer of compost or organic fertilizer in spring to replenish nutrients.
- Cut back perennial herbs in late fall or early spring, depending on your climate and the specific herb variety.
How To Grow Evergreen Perennial Herbs
Evergreen perennial herbs are prized for their year-round foliage and aromatic qualities. These herbs can serve as both culinary ingredients and ornamental plants in your landscape.
Planting Evergreen Herbs
When planting evergreen herbs, think about their long-term growth and potential size. These plants often become significant features in the garden. Here are some planting tips:
- Choose a location with excellent drainage, as many evergreen herbs are susceptible to root rot.
- Plant in spring or fall, allowing roots to establish before extreme temperatures set in.
- Space plants according to their mature size, considering their potential to become shrub-like.
- In colder climates, plant evergreen herbs near a south-facing wall for added protection.
Caring for Evergreen Herbs
Evergreen herbs generally require less maintenance than other types of herbs, but they still benefit from regular care. Here’s how to keep your evergreen herbs thriving:
- Water deeply but infrequently to encourage deep root growth.
- Prune lightly throughout the growing season to maintain shape and promote bushy growth.
- Protect plants from harsh winter winds and heavy snow in colder climates.
- Fertilize sparingly, as most evergreen herbs prefer lean soil conditions.
How To Design an Herb Garden
Creating a well-designed herb garden adds both ambiance and practicality to your outdoor living area. Whether you’re working with a small patio or a large backyard, there are many ways to incorporate herbs into your landscape. Here are some creative herb garden layout ideas that are also functional for growth, ease of access, and visual interest:
Spiral Herb Garden
A spiral herb garden is a raised, circular structure that spirals upward, creating different levels and microclimates. The spiral shape allows you to grow herbs with different water and sunlight needs together. Herbs like rosemary or thyme can go at the top, where it’s driest, while basil or mint can be planted toward the bottom, where moisture collects. This garden design is best for small spaces, areas with varied sunlight, or permaculture-inspired gardens.
Vertical Herb Wall
Vertical gardens use wall-mounted planters, hanging pots, or even pockets to grow herbs upward rather than outward. Perfect for small spaces or urban environments, vertical gardens allow you to grow a variety of herbs without taking up valuable ground space. They also make it easy to access herbs for cooking by placing them at eye level. This garden layout is best for small patios, balconies, or spaces with limited ground area.
Tiered Planters or Stacked Pots
Tiered planters or stacking pots are layered containers that cascade downward. This layout maximizes vertical space while creating a visually pleasing display. It’s great for herbs with different growth habits, like trailing thyme and upright rosemary. Choose this layout for decks, patios, or corners of a garden with limited floor space.
Herb Garden Border
Plant herbs around the border of a flower or vegetable garden to create a natural and functional edge. This layout takes advantage of space that might otherwise go unused and provides easy access to herbs while gardening. Hardy, low-growing herbs like thyme or oregano can serve as ground cover or edging. This layout is ideal for larger gardens or vegetable patches where space efficiency is key.
Raised Bed Herb Garden
Raised beds provide a neat, elevated area where you can organize herbs in rows or sections. Raised beds improve soil drainage, and the defined structure makes it easy to manage and rotate herbs seasonally. Grouping herbs based on water or sunlight needs becomes simple, and you can even customize the bed’s height for easy access. This design is best for outdoor spaces with poor soil or gardeners who want to reduce bending while working.
Container Herb Garden
Plant herbs in individual containers or large, mixed-planter pots. Containers are versatile and mobile, allowing you to move herbs to optimize sunlight or bring them indoors during colder months. You can also easily control soil conditions for each herb. Mix-and-match containers provide creative flexibility in design. Container gardening is perfect for small patios, balconies, or urban settings with limited garden space.
Kitchen Windowsill Herb Garden
A small, indoor garden on your kitchen windowsill, where herbs are grown in small pots or containers. This layout keeps herbs right within reach for cooking, ensuring that they get plenty of light from the window. It’s ideal for low-maintenance herbs like basil, parsley, or mint that you use often. These types of gardens are ideal for apartments, small homes, or spaces where indoor gardening is preferred.
Circular or Wagon Wheel Layout
A circular garden divided into pie-like sections (resembling a wagon wheel) for different herbs. The central focal point, like a sundial or birdbath, makes this layout attractive. Each “slice” of the wheel can host different types of herbs, grouped by their water or sunlight needs. This design is ideal for larger outdoor spaces where symmetry and aesthetic appeal are desired.
Pallet Herb Garden
An old wooden pallet can be repurposed as a vertical planter for herbs. Pallets can be mounted on walls or left standing and used to create pockets of space for herbs. It’s a space-saving option and gives a rustic, DIY feel to a garden. This creative, rustic design is great for small patios, balconies, or upcycled, eco-friendly garden projects.
Companion Planting in a Vegetable Garden
Integrate herbs throughout a vegetable garden, positioning them next to companion plants that benefit from their presence. Some herbs, like basil, repel pests, while others, like dill, attract beneficial insects. This layout maximizes the functionality of your space and enhances the health of your garden. Companion planting is perfect for gardeners interested in organic or integrated pest management.
Herb Knot Garden
An herb knot garden is a formal garden design where low-growing herbs, like thyme or lavender, are planted in intricate, knot-like patterns. While mostly decorative, a knot garden can still serve as a source of culinary herbs. It requires precise planning but is great for adding a sense of elegance and history to your landscape. Choose this design for larger gardens or those with a focus on ornamental design.
Raised Spiral with Stone
Construct a spiral-shaped garden with stones or bricks for support, with herbs planted along the spiral’s slope. Like the spiral herb garden, the height variations create microclimates for different herbs, but the stone adds thermal mass to keep the soil warm and well-drained. This creates a long-lasting, durable garden structure. This garden design is best for outdoor gardens with a natural or rustic style or gardeners interested in permaculture principles.
Indoor Hanging Herb Garden
Small pots or containers are hung from the ceiling or mounted on walls, indoors or on a porch, creating a vertical garden display. This layout maximizes space and adds a decorative element to indoor spaces. Herbs like basil, mint, and parsley can thrive in hanging containers, provided they receive enough light. An indoor hanging herb garden is great for small indoor spaces, apartments, or kitchens with limited counter space.
Herb Maze or Labyrinth
Design a small labyrinth or maze using low-growing herbs like thyme or rosemary, creating pathways between them. While visually engaging, it also allows easy access to harvest herbs. This design can serve as both a meditative garden space and a functional herb garden. An herb maze or labyrinth is a strong choice for larger outdoor spaces or for gardeners who enjoy combining beauty and functionality.
Pyramid Herb Garden
This design creates a pyramid structure built from wood or stone with herbs planted on each level. This layout creates different planting zones, allowing you to group herbs based on water or light needs. The higher levels get more sunlight, perfect for Mediterranean herbs like rosemary and thyme, while lower levels suit moisture-loving herbs. Use a pyramid herb garden for compact areas with limited space, or gardeners interested in vertical growing solutions.
