SEER, which stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, is a measure of a heat pump’s cooling efficiency over an entire cooling season. The higher the SEER, the more efficient the heat pump. In 2023, the Department of Energy transitioned to a new SEER2 rating, which uses a different testing method, so both SEER and SEER2 ratings are currently used. If you’re looking to install a new heat pump or replace an old one, understanding SEER can help you pick the best one for your home and lower your energy costs.
What is SEER?
The Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is used to compare the efficiency of one unit to another. It measures the cooling efficiency of central air conditioners and air-source heat pumps. It’s calculated by dividing the total cooling output (in BTUs) during a cooling season by the total electric energy input (in watt-hours) during that same period. The higher the SEER rating, the more efficient the heat pump is and the lower your energy bills become.
In 2023, the Department of Energy transitioned to SEER2, an updated efficiency rating that uses a more realistic testing method. SEER2 ratings are lower than the original SEER ratings for the same equipment. For example, a 16 SEER unit is roughly equivalent to a 14.3 SEER2 unit.
If you are looking for a heat pump unit that can provide cooling during summer and heating during winter, always look for a higher SEER unit. You will do your bit to preserve the environment and lower your carbon footprint by using a more efficient unit by doing this.
Related: Air Conditioning Calculations
Minimum SEER Requirements
The current minimum SEER rating allowed for newly manufactured ducted heat pumps is 14 SEER in northern states and 15 SEER in southern states. Under the new SEER2 rating, the minimum is now 14.3 SEER2 in northern states and 15.2 SEER2 in southern states, since early 2023.
Heat Pump Vs. Air Conditioner SEER
Heat pumps and air conditioners are rated using the same SEER system for cooling efficiency. However, heat pumps provide both heating and cooling, so they have an additional heating efficiency rating called HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor). The higher the HSPF, the more efficient the heat pump is at heating.
Why SEER Ratings Matter
While higher SEER ratings mean greater efficiency and lower electricity costs, the climate where you live should guide your decision on what SEER to get or your HVAC system. In hotter climates with long summers, a higher SEER (over 16 SEER or 15 SEER2) makes more sense. In milder climates, a 14-16 SEER or 14-15 SEER2 unit is usually enough to keep you comfortable while keeping your electric bill in check.
What SEER Should You Get for a New Heat Pump?
For a new heat pump split system, I recommend homeowners get at least a 15 SEER (14.3 SEER2) unit, even in the northern states. If you live in a hotter southern climate, consider 16+ SEER (15+ SEER2). While higher SEER units cost more upfront, the energy savings over time can make up for it, especially in homes with heavy AC usage. Even if you use your heat pump sparingly throughout the year, you can recuperate the extra cost for a higher efficiency unit within 5–8 years.
Other Efficiency Ratings for Heat Pumps
Along with SEER and SEER2, there are a few other efficiency ratings you may see while shopping for heat pumps:
- HSPF2: The updated Heating Seasonal Performance Factor rating for heating systems efficiency. Like SEER2, it uses an updated testing method and started in 2023.
- EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio, a measure of cooling efficiency at a specific outdoor temperature.
- COP: Coefficient of Performance, a ratio of heating/cooling provided to energy consumed.
- ENERGY STAR: An EPA designation for heat pumps that meet strict efficiency criteria.
Other Factors Affecting Heat Pump Efficiency
While SEER/SEER2 is important, other factors also impact your heat pump’s efficiency. Proper sizing, installation, and maintenance are all critical. Some other key factors include:
- Local climate and temperature range
- Thermostat settings
- Ductwork design and condition
- Insulation and air sealing
- Refrigerant charge
Final Thoughts
The SEER or SEER2 rating is just one factor to consider when choosing your new heat pump or cooling system. Climate, budget, and other efficiency factors all play a role. If you’re unsure what SEER is best for your home, consult with a professional HVAC installer who can assess your needs and give you a custom recommendation for your home.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much more efficient is a 16 SEER vs 14 SEER?
A 16 SEER unit is about 14% more efficient than a 14 SEER one. For the SEER2 ratings, a 15 SEER2 unit is 16% more efficient than a 14 SEER2 one.
Does higher SEER mean more comfort?
It depends — higher SEER units can usually provide better humidity control and more even temperatures, so they may improve comfort. However, proper sizing and installation impact comfort just as much as the SEER rating.
What is better: 16 SEER or 18 SEER?
An 18 SEER unit is more efficient than a 16 SEER. However, whether the added upfront cost for a high-efficiency unit is worth it depends on your climate, cooling needs, and budget. 18+ SEER is usually best for homes in very hot climates with heavy AC usage.
What is a good SEER rating for a heat pump?
For most homes, a 15–16 SEER (14–15 SEER2) or higher heat pump provides a good balance of efficiency and cost. The hotter your climate, the more beneficial a higher SEER rating is.
What SEER2 rating do I need for the federal HVAC tax credit?
To qualify for the federal HVAC tax credit, your heat pump must have a SEER2 rating of at least 16.
