Buying a home comes with a number of risks. Hiring a home inspector may mitigate some, but prospective homeowners also should be familiar with common home defects.

Polybutylene water piping is just one of them.


    What Is Polybutylene Water Piping?

    Polybutylene, also known as “poly,” is a type of plastic water pipe that was used for residential homes around 1978 to 1995.

    NACHI.org estimates that during these years, up to 10 million homes had polybutylene installed for the home’s domestic (potable) water pipes.

    In the Washington D.C. metro area, poly typically has a bluish-gray color. Other regions may have silver, white, black or cream-colored poly piping.

    During the 1980s, numerous problems were found with leaking poly pipes, especially at the pipe fittings, resulting in class-action lawsuits. It is now known that poly has an extremely high failure rate, and has caused sizable water damage to homes across the country.

    Unlike CPVC or copper, poly is not glued or soldered together. Poly uses a compression install method known as “crimping,” which uses metal rings (or bands) to fasten the pipes with fittings — a similar method to modern PEX piping.


    Why Polybutylene Piping Leaks

    Initially, it was thought that a number of possible causes were related to polybutylene’s failure.

    One aspect was the incorrect or poor installation of poly. Poly was installed using a crimping tool, and if this tool was improperly calibrated, fittings may be installed too tight or too loose — leading to eventual failure. However, researchers realized that poly was highly sensitive to chlorinated water.

    Disinfectants in the water supply cause microfractures in the polybutylene, which led to cracks and flaking.

    Deterioration of the piping’s interior would eventually work its way outward — resulting in a slow leak or a dramatic pipe burst. At the beginning of this process, degradation is invisible; it is only visible when it shows up on the exterior of the pipe, and at that point it’s too late.

    Later, researchers realized that all poly piping is susceptible to cracking and deterioration — not just at the fittings.

    Testing standards in the 1970s weren’t nearly as robust as today, and poly was later found to be vulnerable to disinfectants in the public water supply.

    During home inspections with poly piping, it is common to spot water stains in drywall ceilings or walls. If water pipes are below the home, such as in a crawl space, a homeowner may never even notice the leaks.

    Leaking pipes may only be realized when the water bill has increased dramatically, and just one small plumbing leak can cause significant water damage to a home’s wood framing, flooring, walls, appliances and furniture.

    Water leaks may result in weakened joists and may even cause floor sagging in certain areas of the home. Several small plumbing leaks may result in costly damage that, put together, may be just as expensive as it would be to replace the entire home’s piping.

    Another danger with recurring water leaks is that moisture may lead to mold growth.

    Unless someone opens the walls and notices the leaks, the mold may remain undiscovered for a long period with mold spores pulled into the home’s interior air supply. Excess moisture can also attract termites, and result in structural wood damage.

    Besides actual damage to a home, poly may lower the home’s value and/or cause it to sit on the market for much longer than the average home. Some real estate agents won’t even list a home with polybutylene because of difficulty in selling the property.

    A buyer may also have trouble getting homeowner’s insurance, or if an existing insurer finds out that the owner has poly, may cancel the policy.


    Why Poly Was Used Instead of Copper

    Poly was first introduced under the brand name Qest and was marketed as a much cheaper alternative to copper piping.

    Besides the cost difference, poly was also much easier to install. Unlike copper, no soldering was required; in fact, just one simple crimping tool was used to fasten the poly together — a compression type of installation.

    Plumbers could stop lugging around acetyl or propane tanks to each job site, as needed for copper. With the ease of installation, it could literally shave weeks off a whole house plumbing job — thereby boosting profits of builders and plumbers. Plumbers even trained non-plumbers on how to install poly for a complete house job due to its easy and fast installation.

    There was also research that showed poly had excellent resistance to freeze-thaw cycles.


    Signs of a Home with Poly

    During home inspections, it can be quickly evident that a home has polybutylene. There are almost always numerous water stains and drywall patches all over the house. And even if the poly pipes were replaced, it can be difficult to hide every water stain or patch job.

    Usually, the old poly that has been replaced is simply left in the ceiling cavities and is visible in the basement or utility room — sometimes old poly is still sticking out under sinks.

    Polybutylene in many areas is a bluish-gray color and is distinctly different from copper or CPVC. A sure way of identifying polybutylene is that most of the piping will be stamped with “PB2110” somewhere on the pipe. But even without the PB2110 designation, if you know what CPVC and PEX look like, it will be easy to identify poly.

    CPVC is a cream-colored plastic piping with a yellow stripe along its length. CPVC is the most common type of domestic water piping in newer homes.

    PEX is a newer type of plastic piping, and it is usually colored red (for hot water) and blue (for cold water), but PEX is also sometimes clear-colored for domestic water, and can even be black. PEX always has a stamp of “PEX” on the water pipe as well.


    Using Poly as a Main Water Line

    Home inspectors often encounter poly not only used in a home’s domestic water piping but also used as a main water line.

    A main water line made of poly is an intense blue color and is easily distinguishable from copper or HDPE. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) is black plastic pipe installed in new homes for the main water line.

    Most real estate agents are familiar with polybutylene, but not many are aware that the main water line is equally as big a problem as the home’s potable water piping. It is just a different type of problem.

    If the main water line bursts, it is highly unlikely to damage drywall and wood framing. The line will probably rupture somewhere in the yard. However, if a poly main water line bursts, a massive amount of water can be deposited right next to the home’s foundation.

    And water and foundations don’t mix.

    If the homeowner is on vacation or doesn’t notice the ruptured water line, it can cause significant structural damage to the home. A corner of the home may sink into the ground, there may be foundation buckling, or even large foundation cracks can appear.

    Any of these foundation problems can cost tens of thousands of dollars to repair.


    How Poly Install Methods Changed

    There were three main developments with polybutylene.

    The first type of poly piping was secured with acetal — plastic — fittings and aluminum bands. Fittings are used to connect different sections of pipe together. Poly fittings are usually the same bluish-gray color as the poly piping.

    When problems began to occur with polybutylene, at first it was mainly leaking at the fittings. This is when plumbers started to use copper/brass fittings with copper bands.

    Well, problems kept occurring with poly pipes — even with stronger metal fittings and bands. Plumbers began installing the manifold or “home run” poly system. With the manifold system, there was one central location where pipes were fed directly to each plumbing fixture.

    The system greatly reduced the number of fittings required in typical home installations.

    Where an average plumbing fixture would require around 20 fittings, with the manifold system, only four to five were installed. The manifold system used long rolls of flexible poly in 20- to 100-foot lengths.

    Of course, this didn’t solve issues with poly, because it wasn’t just the fittings that were leaking.

    We now know that chlorinated water would cause fracturing at the fittings, but also anywhere along the pipe, and it is impossible to predict where these fractures will occur.


    About Hidden Poly

    Around when plumbers were installing the manifold poly system, builders wanted to hide the cheap look of flexible poly piping and make it appear more professional.

    Flexible poly just didn’t look good being secured to a fixture; it looked flimsy. To solve this problem, plumbers started installing copper stub outs — pipe ends that connect to a plumbing fixture to the inside of the wall.

    To an unknowing home buyer, it would look like the whole home has copper piping.

    According to AshiReporter.org, if installed well, copper stub outs can confuse buyers, real estate agents, and even home inspectors. Using copper stub outs gave a compelling reason for builders who only wanted higher-quality copper in their builds to opt for the less expensive polybutylene.


    Conclusion

    If a buyer decides to go ahead with a home with poly, they should at least budget for the eventual replacement of the water pipes.

    Even if the pipes don’t leak during their homeownership, it is highly likely that the next buyer will consider the cost of replacement.

    It is strongly recommended to get at least a few estimates from re-piping specialists on a whole house replacement.

    If the seller agrees, check the interior of some wall cavities with a camera scope to see if there is mold or other water damage in suspicious areas.

    Also, even if it looks like the main water line is copper, always check the line at the water meter in the front yard as well to verify there isn’t poly.

    Arie Van Tuijl is a licensed home inspector in Virginia and Maryland and manages HomeInspectorSecrets.com, a home maintenance education website. 

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    Danny Lipford

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    Danny Lipford is a home improvement expert and television personality who started his remodeling business, Lipford Construction, at the age of 21 in Mobile, Alabama. He gained national recognition as the host of the nationally syndicated television show, Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford, which started as a small cable show in Mobile. Danny's expertise in home improvement has also led him to be a contributor to popular magazines and websites and the go-to source for advice on everything related to the home. He has made over 200 national television appearances and served as the home improvement expert for CBS's The Early Show and The Weather Channel for over a decade. Danny is also the founder of 3 Echoes Content Studio, TodaysHomeowner.com, and Checking In With Chelsea, a décor and lifestyle blog.

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